Chemistry opens doors for brighter career opportunities.We understand many high-level phenomena including global warming, pollution, desalination of ocean water, recycling e-waste, benefits of switching to organic farming, etc.We can make safer choices about the chemical products we deal with in our daily life, such as medicines, cosmetics, and home cleaning products.And many more.Ī knowledge of chemistry principles helps us in many ways: Digestion, respiration, metabolism, photosynthesis, energy production, pharmaceuticals, fuels, desalination of water. Chemistry principles guide our daily life applications. The Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro advanced a hypothesis in 1811 to account for the behavior of gases, stating that equal volumes of all gases, measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules.Chemistry dictates everything in our life. Breathing occurs because expanding and contracting lung volume creates small pressure differences between your lungs and your surroundings, causing air to be drawn into and forced out of your lungs. You then breathe in and out again, and again, repeating this Boyle’s law cycle for the rest of your life (Figure 7).įigure 7. When you exhale, the process reverses: Your diaphragm and rib muscles relax, your chest cavity contracts, and your lung volume decreases, causing the pressure to increase (Boyle’s law again), and air flows out of the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure). This causes air to flow into the lungs (from high pressure to low pressure). The increase in volume leads to a decrease in pressure (Boyle’s law). When you inhale, your diaphragm and intercostal muscles (the muscles between your ribs) contract, expanding your chest cavity and making your lung volume larger. Lungs are made of spongy, stretchy tissue that expands and contracts while you breathe. Your lungs take in gas that your body needs (oxygen) and get rid of waste gas (carbon dioxide). How does it work? It turns out that the gas laws apply here. What do you do about 20 times per minute for your whole life, without break, and often without even being aware of it? The answer, of course, is respiration, or breathing. V graph in Figure 5Ĭomment on the likely accuracy of each method.Ĭhemistry in Action: Breathing and Boyle’s Law Where ∝ means “is proportional to,” and k is a proportionality constant that depends on the identity, amount, and volume of the gas.įor a confined, constant volume of gas, the ratio \frac vs. Under either name, it states that the pressure of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the kelvin scale when the volume is held constant. Because of this, the P– T relationship for gases is known as either Amontons’s law or Gay-Lussac’s law. Guillaume Amontons was the first to empirically establish the relationship between the pressure and the temperature of a gas (~1700), and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac determined the relationship more precisely (~1800). (Measurements cannot be made at lower temperatures because of the condensation of the gas.) When this line is extrapolated to lower pressures, it reaches a pressure of 0 at –273 ☌, which is 0 on the kelvin scale and the lowest possible temperature, called absolute zero. For a constant volume and amount of air, the pressure and temperature are directly proportional, provided the temperature is in kelvin. We will consider the key developments in individual relationships (for pedagogical reasons not quite in historical order), then put them together in the ideal gas law.įigure 3. Eventually, these individual laws were combined into a single equation-the ideal gas law-that relates gas quantities for gases and is quite accurate for low pressures and moderate temperatures. Although their measurements were not precise by today’s standards, they were able to determine the mathematical relationships between pairs of these variables (e.g., pressure and temperature, pressure and volume) that hold for an ideal gas-a hypothetical construct that real gases approximate under certain conditions. Use the ideal gas law, and related gas laws, to compute the values of various gas properties under specified conditionsĭuring the seventeenth and especially eighteenth centuries, driven both by a desire to understand nature and a quest to make balloons in which they could fly (Figure 1), a number of scientists established the relationships between the macroscopic physical properties of gases, that is, pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas.Identify the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases. By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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